Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: an application of sodium trithiocarbonate and wastewater toxicity assessment
Authors:
- Maciej Thomas,
- Violetta Kozik,
- Andrzej Bąk,
- Krzysztof Barbusiński,
- Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus,
- Josef Jampilek
Abstract
The synthesis and application of sodium trithiocarbonate (Na2CS3) for the treatment of real galvanic wastewater in order to remove heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Zn) was investigated. A Central Composite Design/Response Surface Methodology (CCD/RSM) was employed to optimize the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Adequacy of approximated data was verified using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The calculated coefficients of determination (R2 and R2adj) were 0.9119 and 0.8532, respectively. Application of Na2CS3 conjugated with CCD/RSM allowed Cu, Cd and Zn levels to be decreased and, as a consequence, ∑Cu,Cd,Zn decreased by 99.80%, 97.78%, 99.78%, and 99.69%, respectively, by using Na2CS3 at 533 mg/L and pH 9.7, within 23 min. Implementation of conventional metal precipitation reagents (NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and CaO) at pH 11 within 23 min only decreased ∑Cu,Cd,Zn by 90.84%, 93.97% and 93.71%, respectively. Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was used to conduct the assessment of wastewater toxicity. Following the application of Na2CS3, after 60 min the mortality of B. plicatilis was reduced from 90% to 25%. Engagement of Na2CS3 under optimal conditions caused the precipitation of heavy metals from the polluted wastewater and significantly decreased wastewater toxicity. In summary, Na2CS3 can be used as an effective heavy metal precipitating agent, especially for Cu, Cd and Zn.
- Record ID
- CUTa2c90125f0d0455c9f511cc98d663993
- Publication categories
- ;
- Author
- Journal series
- Materials, ISSN , e-ISSN 1996-1944, Biweekly
- Issue year
- 2021
- Vol
- 14
- No
- 3
- Pages
- [1-17]
- Article number
- 655
- Other elements of collation
- tab.; wykr.; Bibliografia (na s.) - 14-17; Bibliografia (liczba pozycji) - 75; Oznaczenie streszczenia - Abstr.; Numeracja w czasopiśmie - Vol. 14, Iss. 3, Spec. Iss.
- Substantive notes
- Special Issue: Heterogeneous Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications
- Keywords in English
- galvanic wastewater, heavy metals, sodium trithiocarbonate, B. plicatilis, toxicity, central composite design, response surface methodology
- DOI
- DOI:10.3390/ma14030655 Opening in a new tab
- URL
- https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/3/655 Opening in a new tab
- Language
- eng (en) English
- License
- Score (nominal)
- 0
- Publication indicators
- Additional fields
- Indeksowana w: Web of Science, Scopus
- Uniform Resource Identifier
- https://cris.pk.edu.pl/info/article/CUTa2c90125f0d0455c9f511cc98d663993/
- URN
urn:pkr-prod:CUTa2c90125f0d0455c9f511cc98d663993
* presented citation count is obtained through Internet information analysis, and it is close to the number calculated by the Publish or PerishOpening in a new tab system.